{"id":6766,"date":"2025-06-04T17:42:28","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T09:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/?p=6766"},"modified":"2025-06-04T17:42:33","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T09:42:33","slug":"pcb-common-terminology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_75 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#Detailed_Explanation_of_Common_PCB_Terminology\" >\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#1_Basic_PCB_Structure_Terms\" >1. \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#2_PCB_Design_and_Verification_Terms\" >2.\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#3_PCB_Hole-Related_Terms\" >3.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#4_PCB_Manufacturing_Process_Terms\" >4.\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#5_Special_PCB_Structures_and_Materials\" >5.\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#6_PCB_Assembly_and_Testing_Terms\" >6.\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-common-terminology\/#7_Advanced_PCB_Design_Concepts\" >7.\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detailed_Explanation_of_Common_PCB_Terminology\"><\/span>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Basic_PCB_Structure_Terms\"><\/span>1. \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 (PTH) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_PCB_Design_and_Verification_Terms\"><\/span>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-design-and-manufacturing\/\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a> \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 (DRC)<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a Gerber \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 RS-274X\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a ++ ODB<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_PCB_Hole-Related_Terms\"><\/span>3.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a (PTH)<\/strong> is a hole drilled through the entire PCB and plated with conductive metal, used for interlayer connections or mounting through-hole components. PTH reliability depends on plating quality and thickness, typically requiring an average copper thickness of at least 20\u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0628\u0631<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/strong>: \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/strong>: \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/strong> is a small via (typically less than 150\u03bcm in diameter) created using laser drilling, widely used in HDI (High-Density Interconnect) boards. Microvias enable higher connection density, supporting modern high-pin-count components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_PCB_Manufacturing_Process_Terms\"><\/span>4. <a href=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/ar\/pcb-manufacturing-proofing-process\/\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 SMT\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Special_PCB_Structures_and_Materials\"><\/span>5.\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644) \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a (\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627)<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/aqua-pcb1\u200b.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\" class=\"wp-image-6571\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/aqua-pcb1\u200b.jpg 885w, https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/aqua-pcb1\u200b-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/aqua-pcb1\u200b-768x517.jpg 768w, https:\/\/topfastpcba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/aqua-pcb1\u200b-150x101.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_PCB_Assembly_and_Testing_Terms\"><\/span>6.\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong> is an automated component placement process in SMT assembly lines. Modern machines achieve placement speeds of tens of thousands of components per hour with \u00b125\u03bcm accuracy. Programming considerations include component recognition, feeder arrangement, and placement sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Advanced_PCB_Design_Concepts\"><\/span>7.\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong> removes excess copper to form circuit patterns. To reduce etching time and chemical consumption, unused copper areas are often designed as grids or hatched patterns\u2014a technique known as copper thieving or balancing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 (SI)<\/strong> \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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